剑桥雅思4Test1passage3阅读原文+题目+答案解析

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　　剑桥雅思4Test1passage3阅读原文

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

　　Visual Symbols and the Blind

　　Part 1

　　From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

　　When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

　　To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

　　All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

　　In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

 

　　Part 2

　　Words associated Agreement

　　with circle/square among

　　subjects (%)

　　SOFT-HARD 100

　　MOTHER-FATHER 94

　　HAPPY-SAD 94

　　GOOD-EVIL 89

　　LOVE-HATE 89

　　ALIVE-DEAD 87

　　BRIGHT-DARK 87

　　LIGHT-HEAVY 85

　　WARM-COLD 81

　　SUMMER-WINTER 81

　　WEAK-STRONG 79

　　FAST-SLOW 79

　　CAT-DOG 74

　　SPRING-FALL 74

　　QUIET-LOUD 62

　　WALKING-STANDING 62

　　ODD-EVEN 57

　　FAR-NEAR 53

　　PLANT-ANIMAL 53

　　DEEP-SHALLOW 51

　　Fig. 2 Subjects were asked which word in each pair fits best with a circle and which with a square. These percentages show the level of consensus among sighted subjects.

　　We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning.

　　We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft A circle or a square Which shape goes with hard

　　All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2.) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

 

    剑桥雅思4Test1passage3阅读题目

　　Questions 27-29

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

　　27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people.

　　A may be interested in studying art.

　　B can draw outlines of different objects and surfaces.

　　C can recognise conventions such as perspective.

　　D can draw accurately.

　　28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

　　A drew a circle on her own initiative.

　　B did not understand what a wheel looked like.

　　C included a symbol representing movement.

　　D was the first person to use lines of motion.

　　29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

　　A had good understanding of symbols representing movement.

　　B could control the movement of wheels very accurately.

　　C worked together well as a group in solving problems.

　　D got better results than the sighted undergraduates.

　　Questions 30-32

　　Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement below. Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the experiment. Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer sheet.

　　A steady spinning

　　B jerky movement

　　C rapid spinning

　　D wobbling movement

　　E use of brakes

　　Questions 33-39

　　Complete the summary below using words from the box.

　　Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer sheet.

　　NB You may use any word more than once.

　　In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same way. Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a square. From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

　　However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39…… choices.

　　associations blind deep hard

　　hundred identical pairs shapes

　　sighted similar shallow soft

　　words

　　Question 40

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

　　Write your answer in box 40 on your answer sheet.

　　Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion

　　A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted people.

　　B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted people.

　　C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent reality.

　　D The blind may be successful artists if given the right training.

 

    剑桥雅思4Test1passage3阅读答案解析：

　　Question 27

　　答案：C

　　关键词：first paragraph

　　定位原文：第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.”

　　解题思路：根据定位句可知，说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用。故正确答案为C。

　　剑桥雅思4Text1阅读答案解析Question 28

　　答案：C

　　剑桥4雅思阅读原文+参考译文+答案解析

　　关键词：surprised/blind woman

　　定位原文：第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig.1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration.”

　　解题思路：这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅。故正确答案为C选项。

　　Question 29

　　答案：A

　　关键词：Part1/ blind subjects

　　定位原文：第5段第4句“Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion，but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.”

　　解题思路：从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects” 可以得出A选项正确。这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好，所以D选项是不对的。

　　Question 30

　　答案：E

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on...”

　　解题思路：这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车，所以正确答案为E。

　　Question 31

　　答案：C

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“...and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.”

　　解题思路：这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动，故正确答案为C。

　　Question 32

　　答案：A

　　关键词：无

　　定位原文：Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”

　　解题思路：这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动，故正确答案为A。

　　Question 33

　　答案：pairs

　　关键词：Part2/a set of word

　　定位原文：Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted subjects...”

　　解题思路：此空要求填一个名词，而词库中只有associations, pairs, shapes, words四个词是名词，从意思上判断，words和shapes显然不太合适，最后只能填pairs。

　　Question 34

　　答案：shapes

　　关键词：abstract

　　定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”

　　解题思路：Abstract是形容词，空里要求填个名词。从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes。

　　Question 35

　　答案：sighted

　　关键词：circle/soft/hard/square

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square hard.”

　　解题思路：虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词，但是根据上一整段的内容推测，此处的subjects指得是sighted subjects.

　　Question 36

　　答案：sighted

　　关键词：51%

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.(See Fig.2.)

　　解题思路：这题依然没有出现sighted这个词，但是同上题，根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects。

　　Question 37

　　答案：deep

　　关键词：51%

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.(See Fig.2.)

　　剑桥4雅思阅读原文+参考译文+答案解析

　　解题思路：根据定位句可知，这里填的词应该是deep。

　　剑桥雅思4Text1阅读答案解析Question 38

　　答案：blind

　　关键词：repeated/volunteers

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects.”

　　解题思路：这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers，故正确答案为blind。

　　Question 39

　　答案：smilar

　　关键词：choices

　　定位原文：Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle.”

　　解题思路：“Consensus”是共识的意思，从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见。

　　Question 40

　　答案：B

　　关键词：conlusion

　　定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”

　　解题思路：这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换，意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的。

 

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